Unperfected commons

Donald Rumsfeld famously remarked on the differences between "known unknowns" and "unknown unknowns, or things we do not know we don't know".  I've just learned that I did not know that sociologists have studied community gardens as spaces for collective action.  I'm relieved to know that my experience in promoting "collective gardening" is not simple and the difficulties are not at all unusual.  One paper recognizes three types of garden management depending on the relative importance of individual versus shared plots and whether or not there is a need to be a "member" of the garden to participate. 

Institutions for Collective Gardening: A Comparative Analysis of 51 Urban Community Gardens inAnglophone and German-Speaking Countries

So my purpose today is simply to acknowledge areas of disagreement and continue a discussion of how the L4 Collective can move forward without undermining the support for community gardening as it has been widely practiced in the United States.  According to the definitions in that paper, the West Street Community Garden is classified as a "closed garden group" managed by a "nested enterprise" (the Essex Junction Recreation and Parks Department).  Plotholders grow for themselves and largely by themselves with some (low!) level of collaboration to maintain paths and facilities.  This is basically the most restrictive model and the least welcoming to any collective gardening.  Thankfully, to my mind, this model is ceding ground over time to collective models or at least to share space with them.

I have found that the biggest objection to collective gardening is directly related to the degree of theft and damage that occurs at West Street.  Even kind and generous gardeners object to "inviting the public" into the community garden whether that be for gardening, gardening education or social functions.  Plotholders grow food, the public steals it, as it were.  A second objection involves the problem of membership and who is entitled to what.

I wish it were otherwise, but I am naive.

I have been fortunate to visit several community gardens and be made aware of more open and collaborative approaches.  Gardeners at West Street are generous with their friends and make donations to food pantries often, but there is little acknowledgement that a "collective enterprise" can operate for the benefit of many groups and not just the plotholders.  The state land at West Street is an enormous asset for all residents.  I believe collective action can help many more residents in many important ways, but it is not my intent today to think much beyond the next growing season.

Instead, I'd like to focus on two aspects of the garden that commanded my attention after the torrential rains in the summer of 2023.  The flooding of local farms and of several large community gardens in Burlington and elsewhere made clear that the well drained, sandy soil (Adams soil type) at West Street has the advantage of drying out quickly, never approaching saturation.  The first aspect is that there is unused space, both in and around the garden boundary, to produce healthful food for the benefit of our community.  The L4 Collective, in partnership with others, grew food for Aunt Dot's Place because there were abandoned plots and because we understood that fresh local vegetables were to be in short supply.  The second aspect is that West Street could become a teaching garden, formal or informal, without fear of the flooding that closed other educational gardens in 2011 and again in 2023.  We are as high and dry as one can get in a Vermont community garden.

The idea we are pursuing for now is to commit to grow on plots that are unused or donated to the L4 Collective for the purpose of supplying local food shelves.  We planted a small orchard last Spring and plan to use an adjacent plot this year for annual vegetables.  This takes nothing away from any plotholder and defines a "garden within a garden" with clear boundaries and relatively clear responsibilities.  It provides ample opportunity for collective action while inconveniencing no one.  It does, however, involve inviting the public to participate.  I should like to draw a distinction between "the public" and "people who want to participate in collective gardening."  I have complete faith that nobody who has worked with L4 Collective has ever stolen or vandalized any crops.  And I will assert that increased participation will decrease theft.  I wish I could prove it.

Now, as we are all about gardening, it seems only appropriate when we gather together as gardeners that we discuss the latest science(!) of soil health and its connection to environmental and human health.  We have the knowledge and skills in our community to teach about the soil health principals informed by science and nature.  The USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) has researched and published important work that applies to our gardens as much if not more than to farms.  In my opinion, NRCS is a governmental organization that executes its charter faithfully and professionally.  Their findings and recommendations deserve to be discussed.  We've paid for them already.  As before, this activity necessarily involves inviting people to the garden, people I do not believe will steal food.

So I invite you to comment and I invite you to join us.  Let's se if we can create something valuable while respecting the soil and respecting one another.  Acknowledging our humility, let us work on “unperfected common in the making”.

One man’s journey to soil

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I am in love.  I am in love with two soil scientists, Christine Jones and Nicole Masters.  These women from down-under make me swoon!  My knees tremble when Christine talks about quorum sensing or Nicole talks about vericompost slurry.  If they (and my current wife) would agree to bigamy I would ask to marry them both. I’m not sure what I would bring to the marriage, but I’d be so very well informed and entertained by their work and research.  

And I love soil.

I can’t tell you for sure why soil health fascinates me the way it does, but it likely started with the complete failure of my first garden in Manassas, Virginia.  Back in the day we had magazines and somewhere I read about “double digging”.  I dug into the red Virginia clay in my backyard to a depth of about 18 inches.  Loosened ‘er up real good!  I planted six tomatoes, as I recall, and watered well.  Mind you, it is hot in Virginia so I made sure to keep those plants watered, yes I did.  But armed with just a little knowledge, I had in fact created a large clay bathtub full of water and all six plants quickly succumbed to some rot or fungus.

In another magazine I read about the importance of compost and during the 1983 World Series I hauled pressure treated 2x4’s into the house, watched the Series and built a “Cadillac of compost bins”, a three-bin behemoth to make lots of great compost and slowly improve the texture of the clay.  I was sure I was on my way at last, but my employer had other ideas and we moved to New York’s Hudson Valley after one failed tomato patch and without the Cadillac.

A couple of years later my wife and I built a small pole barn and she started to raise goats, just for fun, and I had an unlimited supply of goat manure mixed with spoiled hay.  My organic journey had begun.  It was a mixed blessing, I’m afraid.  On the one hand I had tons of raw material.  On the other hand I had TONS of raw material.  (Once I had to hire a bulldozer to move the three foot thick trampled mat of hay outside the barn door just to get into the barn where there was four feet of trampled matted hay to be moved by hand.)

So I started to use lots of compost, expanded the garden year-by-year, and was pretty happy with the results most of the time.  I remember a photo of Bean, our rabbit, enjoying a meal of parsley from a plant that could have fed him for a month.  So sometimes it was really glorious, but mostly I spent my time at work, at baseball and soccer fields or trying in vain to keep the goats out of the garden. That is hard.  Hint: do not build a four foot tall compost pile just on the outside of your four foot garden fence if you have even just baby goats.  And don’t even think about planting a fruit tree anywhere on the property.

After my divorce I ended up in an apartment in the Village of Millbrook, Dutchess County and the landlord, Bob Hefele, gave me permission to do just about anything I wanted to the yard.  The only thing he ever objected to was the fish pond.  I had already bought a pond liner, one of my first online purchases.  It may still be in the rafters of the garage in Millbrook for all I know.  Bob later sold me the building at a price I could afford, well shy of any reasonable market price.  I don’t know why he did that and have concluded that he must have been a saint.

The house had once been on “the wrong side of the tracks”, inhabited by “the wrong kind of people”.  Which is to say they were immigrant Italians who knew how to garden and raise goats.  The soil was incredible.  It had been a garden for perhaps 60 years, though it was all grass by the time I moved in.  Let’s just say it was in good tilth.  In fact I did say it was in good tilth and by that time I even knew what that meant.  It meant I could plant just about anything and it would thrive.  Veggies, vines, flowers, fruit trees, grapes, raspberries; you name it, if it was hardy in my zone (6B?) it thrived.

I got some chickens and built a coop and a pen that extended up the side of the garden.  It was unlawful to raise chickens in Millbrook at the time, but I spoke to the mayor once when he stopped at the neighborhood restaurant.  He said I could give it a try and he would let me know if anyone complained.  Somebody did complain about the rooster, but not to the mayor.  He complained directly to the rooster.  I found the decapitated bird and its head in the coop one bright Sunday morning.  The rest of the neighbors loved them, even the rooster, because they were the children and grandchildren of Italian immigrant gardeners.  So I had mostly happy neighbors and chicken manure.  When I decided to enter my sunflower in the Dutchess County Fair I needed all of an eighteen foot Econoline van to get it to the fairgrounds.  I came in second.

Then I got a little crazy.  I studied biodynamics, learned that gnomes govern the soil and sprayed so much anaerobic “tea” that my very kind neighbor, Joe, ran out to ask me what the hell I was doing.  (Joe was later my guest for the finest strawberry rhubarb pie I have ever made.)  I took classes at the Pfeiffer Center and made all the biodynamic preparations, sprinkling stirred horn manure on the garden with a coarse paintbrush by moonlight.  It was a bit like being the Pope, I imagined.  Nobody at Pfeiffer talked about soil life except to acknowledge that soil was alive. Little did I know that I was just at the edge of learning about the world of microbes.  We had a visiting biodynamicist from Switzerland lecture about a whole-farm approach and I asked him what I could do on my tenth of an acre in Millbrook since I couldn’t raise cows, plant oaks or build a pond.  He replied quickly:  “Feed ze vorms”.  And feed them I did.

After the crazy I got sober.  In the AA twelve step program we are encouraged to find a power greater than ourselves that can help us.  (Here’s where Christine and Nicole begin to enter the picture, bear with me.).  I started to pray by prostrating myself like a Muslim, but instead of orienting myself to Mecca I oriented myself to the garden.  When I spoke at an AA meeting from the podium, I acknowledged my higher power by the miracle of soil life, saying that “at the very tip of the very finest root hair science is unable to distinguish animal from vegetable from mineral, but there is surely a power greater than myself hard at work.”  And the good people of AA told me that was good enough.

One year, 2016 or 2017 perhaps, I needed to care for my father while his wife went to visit her family in Morocco.  My dad was easy to care for, at the time, and I had a lot of free time in Fredericksburg, Virginia.  There is not a lot to do with free time in Fredericksburg other than shop at the mall, so at some point I stumbled across John Kempf.  Kempf opened my eyes to the even greater miracle that is the deep, ancient symbiosis between plants and microbes to utilize photosynthetic energy to store carbon.  That is about the most important thing we need to understand about plants and soil and we must always make it the basis of our work as gardeners. When I speak from the A.A. podium today I have to amend my words to say that science can absolutely distinguish animal from vegetable from mineral and even identify specific enzymes and autoinducers.  The great work of a higher power.

I’ve been on a regenerative path ever since.  I’ve watched a lot of videos.  I've learned that, roughly speaking, everything important about soil health was discovered (or re-discovered) in the last fifty years (in spite of the Green Revolution) and what we’ve discovered about the symbiosis between plant and microbe happened in the last fifteen years.  Significant tax dollars are involved thanks to USDA and other worldwide pioneers who've done the research. This stuff is new!

To explain the fix we’ve gotten ourselves into when it comes to soil, the ramifications for the health of plants, animals, people and the environment there is no one better than Christine Jones.  To her everlasting credit she can also explain and never shys away from the science, whether it be the effects of inorganic fertilizers and biocides or how we can use quorum sensing to our advantage.  (Look it up!).  This woman calls it like it is:  90 years of chemicals from Big Ag has actually killed life in the soil.  Period.  Full stop.

But we can do something about it and I am thankful for the advice of Nicole Masters.  Most soil health consultants concentrate on large farm operations and I’m glad they do because that is where change is so desperately needed.  But each once in a while someone like Nicole scales down the message so it can be understood and applied at garden scale.  She taught me that I can make really cheap and really effective amendments especially meant to supercharge microbe activity at the exact time and place that I need it, when I plant the seed or transplant into the soil.  She recommended a slurry consisting of good compost or vermicompost, handfulls of soil from healthy gardens and the chopped up roots of healthy plants mixed with some milk and molasses, kept moist until ready to use.  I call this the “mother” and I always have some on hand and use it anytime I’m doing anything in the garden.  Planting a seed?  Soak it in tea from the mother.  Transplanting?  Cover the root ball with the mother.  Watering the garden?  Make more tea from the mother and sprinkle it about before watering.  Weeding?  Chop up a little bit and add it to the mother.

Today I have another garden or two in Vermont.  The largest is in a community garden where the sand is 30 feet thick and has been tilled twice a year, every year, for God-only-knows how many years.  I practiced organic gardening in my plot for 5 years and never saw a worm, so I left.  I returned 5 years later when I volunteered to be a coordinator at the garden and my plots have not been tilled since.  It’s been four years of soil regeneration using compost, cover crops, mulches, rock dusts and teas.  Now there are a couple of inches of new topsoil and one particular spade-full of soil contained 23 worms.  Yields are good, not spectacular, and I still deal with my share of pests.  (Community gardens are the the graduate school of gardening.)  But the food is amazing!  This year, for the first time, we didn't till the smaller field and almost all the plotholders are OK with that.  Lest I forget, we planted a small orchard on an unused plot, too.  So we're making progress, as I measure progress.

Christine and Nicole (and John) assure me it will just keep getting better. (Exactly what’s said in AA, by the way.)  I believe them and I love them. And I will label as hearsay any suggestion that I ever wanted to marry John Kempf.